The terms used to describe cancer in word list; Q
Tuesday, January 12, 2010
THE CANCER TERMS; Q
THE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN CANCER
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; Q
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; Q
THE CANCER TERMS; P
THE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN CANCER
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; P
Palliative surgery. is aimed at curing the symptoms, not the cancer. Usually, in such cases, the tumor is so large or has spread so much, that removing the entire tumor is not an option.
Pancreatoblastoma. A malignant epithelial tumour, generally affecting young children, composed of well-defined solid nests of cells with acinar formations and squamoid corpuscles, separated by stromal bands. Acinar differentiation prevails, often associated with lesser degrees of endocrine or ductal differentiation.
(A) pathology report; is a document that contains the diagnosis determined by examining cells and tissues under a microscope. The report may also contain information about the size, shape, and appearance of a specimen as it looks to the naked eye. This information is known as the gross description.
(A) pathologist; is a doctor who does this examination and writes the pathology report. Pathology reports play an important role in cancer diagnosis and staging (describing the extent of cancer within the body, especially whether it has spread), which helps determine treatment options.
Percivall Pott; of London in 1775 described an occupational cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps caused by soot collecting under their scrotum. This led to identification of a number of occupational carcinogenic exposures and public health measures to reduce cancer risk.
Peutz-Jeghers polyp. A hamartomatous polyp composed of branching bands of smooth muscle covered by normal-appearing or hyperplastic glandular mucosa indigenous to the site.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). is an inherited cancer syndrome with autosomal dominant trait, characterized by mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation and hamartomatous intestinal polyposis, preferentially affecting the small intestine. Associated extra-intestinal neoplasms are less common and include tumours of the ovary, uterine cervix, testis, pancreas and breast.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); is a method of making many copies of particular DNA sequences of relevance to the diagnosis.
Positive margins; means that cancer cells come up to the edge of the normal tissue around the tumor.
(Real-time) PCR or (quantitative) PCR; is a method of measuring how many copies of a particular DNA sequence are present.
Polyp. A generic term for any excrescence or growth protruding above a mucous membrane. Polyps can be pedunculated or sessile, and are readily seen by macroscopic examination or conventional endoscopy.
Pre-cancerous; A tumor that is not considered a cancer; it is a warning sign that you may get cancer in the future.
Preventive surgery. Preventive or prophylactic surgery involves removal of an abnormal looking area that is likely to become malignant over time. For example, about 40% of the people with a colon disease known as ulcerative colitis, ultimately die of colon cancer. Rather than live with the fear of developing colon cancer, these people may choose to have their colons removed and reduce the risk significantly.
Prognosis. The probability of cure after the therapy. It is usually expressed as a probability of survival five years after diagnosis. Alternatively, it can be expressed as the number of years when 50% of the patients are still alive. Both numbers are derived from statistics accumulated with hundreds of similar patients to give a Kaplan-Meier curve.
Protocol. They usually use this term to refer to the specific chemotherapy plan that is used (for example, the "Weekly Sequential protocol" is what we commonly use for treating lymphosarcoma); it can also refer to the overall treatment plan.
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; P
Palliative surgery. is aimed at curing the symptoms, not the cancer. Usually, in such cases, the tumor is so large or has spread so much, that removing the entire tumor is not an option.
Pancreatoblastoma. A malignant epithelial tumour, generally affecting young children, composed of well-defined solid nests of cells with acinar formations and squamoid corpuscles, separated by stromal bands. Acinar differentiation prevails, often associated with lesser degrees of endocrine or ductal differentiation.
(A) pathology report; is a document that contains the diagnosis determined by examining cells and tissues under a microscope. The report may also contain information about the size, shape, and appearance of a specimen as it looks to the naked eye. This information is known as the gross description.
(A) pathologist; is a doctor who does this examination and writes the pathology report. Pathology reports play an important role in cancer diagnosis and staging (describing the extent of cancer within the body, especially whether it has spread), which helps determine treatment options.
Percivall Pott; of London in 1775 described an occupational cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps caused by soot collecting under their scrotum. This led to identification of a number of occupational carcinogenic exposures and public health measures to reduce cancer risk.
Peutz-Jeghers polyp. A hamartomatous polyp composed of branching bands of smooth muscle covered by normal-appearing or hyperplastic glandular mucosa indigenous to the site.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). is an inherited cancer syndrome with autosomal dominant trait, characterized by mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation and hamartomatous intestinal polyposis, preferentially affecting the small intestine. Associated extra-intestinal neoplasms are less common and include tumours of the ovary, uterine cervix, testis, pancreas and breast.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); is a method of making many copies of particular DNA sequences of relevance to the diagnosis.
Positive margins; means that cancer cells come up to the edge of the normal tissue around the tumor.
(Real-time) PCR or (quantitative) PCR; is a method of measuring how many copies of a particular DNA sequence are present.
Polyp. A generic term for any excrescence or growth protruding above a mucous membrane. Polyps can be pedunculated or sessile, and are readily seen by macroscopic examination or conventional endoscopy.
Pre-cancerous; A tumor that is not considered a cancer; it is a warning sign that you may get cancer in the future.
Preventive surgery. Preventive or prophylactic surgery involves removal of an abnormal looking area that is likely to become malignant over time. For example, about 40% of the people with a colon disease known as ulcerative colitis, ultimately die of colon cancer. Rather than live with the fear of developing colon cancer, these people may choose to have their colons removed and reduce the risk significantly.
Prognosis. The probability of cure after the therapy. It is usually expressed as a probability of survival five years after diagnosis. Alternatively, it can be expressed as the number of years when 50% of the patients are still alive. Both numbers are derived from statistics accumulated with hundreds of similar patients to give a Kaplan-Meier curve.
Protocol. They usually use this term to refer to the specific chemotherapy plan that is used (for example, the "Weekly Sequential protocol" is what we commonly use for treating lymphosarcoma); it can also refer to the overall treatment plan.
THE CANCER TERMS; O
THE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN CANCER
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; O
Oncology/Oncologist; is the field that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer while an oncologist is a doctor that specializes in this field (veterinarians can become board-certified in either medical oncology or radiation oncology by completing a residency and passing several certifying exams).
Oncogenes; are mutated forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. They are mutations of certain normal genes of the cell called proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes are the genes that normally control how often a cell divides and the degree to which it differentiates (or specializes).
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; O
Oncology/Oncologist; is the field that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer while an oncologist is a doctor that specializes in this field (veterinarians can become board-certified in either medical oncology or radiation oncology by completing a residency and passing several certifying exams).
Oncogenes; are mutated forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. They are mutations of certain normal genes of the cell called proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes are the genes that normally control how often a cell divides and the degree to which it differentiates (or specializes).
THE CANCER TERMS; N
THE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN CANCER
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; N
Nanotechnology. New technology for producing new materials that form extremely tiny particles is leading to very promising methods for diagnostic imaging to more accurately demonstrate the location of tumors, and for delivering drugs more specifically and effectively into cancer cells.
Nixon (President of United states); declared "War on Cancer" in 1971. Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations.
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; N
Nanotechnology. New technology for producing new materials that form extremely tiny particles is leading to very promising methods for diagnostic imaging to more accurately demonstrate the location of tumors, and for delivering drugs more specifically and effectively into cancer cells.
Nixon (President of United states); declared "War on Cancer" in 1971. Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations.
THE CANCER TERMS; M
THE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN CANCER
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; M
Malignant. "Having the properties of anaplasia, invasion and metastasis" (these are all characteristics of a tumour that make it capable of causing the death of a patient); a malignant tumour is one which is no longer resembles the cells it was derived from, is invasive at the site where it starts and has the ability to metastasize (or spread) to other organs.
Margins. This is a term used to refer to the edges of the surgical specimen; "clean margins" means that no tumour cells are visible at the edges (sometimes tumours come back despite clean margins); "dirty margins" means that tumour cells are visible at the edges (therefore, tumor cells have been left behind).
Marie Curie (1867–1934); the discoverer of x rays, died of a cancer caused by prolonged exposure to radiation.
Median survival time. A period of time, often measured in months or years, over which 50% of the cancer patients are expected to be alive.
Medullary carcinoma. A malignant epithelial tumour in which the cells form solid sheets and have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large, vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. An intraepithelial infiltrate of lymphocytes is characteristic.
Mesenchymal tumours of the small intestine. A variety of benign and malignant mesenchymal tumours can arise in the small intestine, but the neoplasms that occur in any appreciable numbers are gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs).
Metastasis. "The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected to it"; metastasis is the process by which the tumor spreads from one location to another; the most common sites of metastasis are the lungs or lymph nodes; the most common routes of metastasis are the bloodstream and the lymphatics.
Metastatic lesion. The term used for the site of spread.
Medullary. A type of invasive cancer that grows into the normal tissue around it.
Milk ducts; tiny tubes in the breast through which milk flows to the nipple.
Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Cystic epithelial neoplasms occurring almost exclusively in women, showing no communication with the pancreatic ductal system and composed of columnar, mucin-producing epithelium, supported by ovarian-type stroma. According to the grade of intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia), tumours may be classified as adenoma, borderline (low-grade malignant) and non-invasive or invasive carcinoma.
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; M
Malignant. "Having the properties of anaplasia, invasion and metastasis" (these are all characteristics of a tumour that make it capable of causing the death of a patient); a malignant tumour is one which is no longer resembles the cells it was derived from, is invasive at the site where it starts and has the ability to metastasize (or spread) to other organs.
Margins. This is a term used to refer to the edges of the surgical specimen; "clean margins" means that no tumour cells are visible at the edges (sometimes tumours come back despite clean margins); "dirty margins" means that tumour cells are visible at the edges (therefore, tumor cells have been left behind).
Marie Curie (1867–1934); the discoverer of x rays, died of a cancer caused by prolonged exposure to radiation.
Median survival time. A period of time, often measured in months or years, over which 50% of the cancer patients are expected to be alive.
Medullary carcinoma. A malignant epithelial tumour in which the cells form solid sheets and have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large, vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. An intraepithelial infiltrate of lymphocytes is characteristic.
Mesenchymal tumours of the small intestine. A variety of benign and malignant mesenchymal tumours can arise in the small intestine, but the neoplasms that occur in any appreciable numbers are gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs).
Metastasis. "The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected to it"; metastasis is the process by which the tumor spreads from one location to another; the most common sites of metastasis are the lungs or lymph nodes; the most common routes of metastasis are the bloodstream and the lymphatics.
Metastatic lesion. The term used for the site of spread.
Medullary. A type of invasive cancer that grows into the normal tissue around it.
Milk ducts; tiny tubes in the breast through which milk flows to the nipple.
Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Cystic epithelial neoplasms occurring almost exclusively in women, showing no communication with the pancreatic ductal system and composed of columnar, mucin-producing epithelium, supported by ovarian-type stroma. According to the grade of intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia), tumours may be classified as adenoma, borderline (low-grade malignant) and non-invasive or invasive carcinoma.
THE CANCER TERMS; L
THE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN CANCER
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; L
Leiomyosarcoma, a malignant tumour featuring differentiated smooth muscle cells, is rare in the oesophagus. In a recent series, such tumours comprised 4% of all combined smooth muscle and stromal tumours. They were large tumours that presented in older adults, and all patients died of disease.
Liposomal therapy; is a new technique that uses chemotherapy drugs that have been packaged inside liposomes (synthetic fat globules). This liposome, or fatty coating, helps them penetrate the cancer cells more selectively and decreases possible side effects (such as hair loss, nausea, and vomiting). Examples of liposomal medications are Doxil (the encapsulated form of doxorubicin) and Daunoxome (the encapsulated form of daunorubicin).
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS). Cells that are not normal but that stay inside the milk-making part of the breast.
Louis Leakey; found the oldest possible hominid malignant tumor in 1932 from the remains of either a Homo erectus or an Australopithecus. This tumor was suggestive of a Burkitt’s lymphoma (although that nomenclature was certainly not in use then). Diseases that we know to be rare cancers today have had a long history.
Lymphatic invasion; means that cancer cells are found in the lymph vessels.
Lymph nodes. Filters along the lymph fluid channels; they try to catch and trap cancer cells before they reach other parts of the body.
Lymphangioma. is a benign tumour characterized by multiple endothelial-lined spaces that vary in size from capillary channels to large, cystic spaces containing lymph. The vascular spaces are lined by a single layer of endothelial cells, though papillary projections or tufting may be seen.
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; L
Leiomyosarcoma, a malignant tumour featuring differentiated smooth muscle cells, is rare in the oesophagus. In a recent series, such tumours comprised 4% of all combined smooth muscle and stromal tumours. They were large tumours that presented in older adults, and all patients died of disease.
Liposomal therapy; is a new technique that uses chemotherapy drugs that have been packaged inside liposomes (synthetic fat globules). This liposome, or fatty coating, helps them penetrate the cancer cells more selectively and decreases possible side effects (such as hair loss, nausea, and vomiting). Examples of liposomal medications are Doxil (the encapsulated form of doxorubicin) and Daunoxome (the encapsulated form of daunorubicin).
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS). Cells that are not normal but that stay inside the milk-making part of the breast.
Louis Leakey; found the oldest possible hominid malignant tumor in 1932 from the remains of either a Homo erectus or an Australopithecus. This tumor was suggestive of a Burkitt’s lymphoma (although that nomenclature was certainly not in use then). Diseases that we know to be rare cancers today have had a long history.
Lymphatic invasion; means that cancer cells are found in the lymph vessels.
Lymph nodes. Filters along the lymph fluid channels; they try to catch and trap cancer cells before they reach other parts of the body.
Lymphangioma. is a benign tumour characterized by multiple endothelial-lined spaces that vary in size from capillary channels to large, cystic spaces containing lymph. The vascular spaces are lined by a single layer of endothelial cells, though papillary projections or tufting may be seen.
THE CANCER TERMS; K
THE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN CANCER
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; K
Ki-67 Test. A test that shows how fast cancer is growing.
The terms used to describe cancer in word list; K
Ki-67 Test. A test that shows how fast cancer is growing.
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